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A report released on April 24 by the free expression group PEN America detailed how authoritarian regimes around the world, recognising “the role that writers play in promoting critical inquiry and cultivating visions of a better, more just world”, jailed more journalists and writers last year than ever before.

The number of imprisoned writers has ticked up each year since the group began its yearly Freedom to Write Index six years ago. In 2024, the index 375 writers in prison across 40 countries — up from 339 writers who were detained in 33 countries the previous year.

The group observed startling trends in governments’ crackdown on freedom of expression last year. The number of women imprisoned for their writing rose, with women making up 16% of those incarcerated last year, compared with 15% in 2023 and 14% in 2022.

Writers classified as “online commentators” accounted for 203 imprisoned authors last year, while 127 journalists were jailed for their work. Other professions represented in the index include literary writers, poets, songwriters and creative artists.

“The high numbers of writers in the online commentator and journalist categories suggest that a significant proportion of the cases included jailing or other threats because of their writing commentary on politics or official policies, economic or social themes, or advocacy for a range of human rights,” reads the report.

China and Iran are the biggest jailers of writers, with the two countries accounting for 43% of imprisoned writers worldwide.

Other top offenders include , with 23 writers, with 21, Russia with 18 and Belarus with 15.

“Authoritarian regimes are desperate to control the narrative of history and repress the truth about what they are doing. That is why writers are so important, and why we see these regimes attempting to silence them,”  Karin Deutsch Karlekar, PEN America’s director of writers at risk. “Jailing one writer for their words is a miscarriage of justice, but the systematic suppression of writers around the world represents an erosion of free expression — which is often the precursor to the destruction of other fundamental human rights.”

The index includes all cases in which writers are detained for at least 48 hours in its accounting of jailed writers. The report notes that as in previous years, PEN America observed an increase in the number of writers held without charge or in pre-trial detention, with 80 such cases last year — up from 76 in 2023.

The majority of writers held in administrative and pre-trial detention — “tools of repression” the report says — were detained by officials in China, Egypt and Israel.

The index highlighted a number of cases of jailed writers, including:

• Ilham Tohti, a Uyghur economist and blogger who “has been detained incommunicado since 2017” after being sentenced to life in prison by a court in Umruqi, China in 2014;

• Nobel Peace Prize laureate and women'’srights campaigner , who was among several women attacked by Iranian military forces and prison guards at Iran’s Evin prison in August 2024; and

• Mahmoud Fatafta, a Palestinian columnist who was arrested in May 2024 by Israeli security forces in the West Bank while traveling with his 10-year-old son, with authorities citing his Facebook post in which he quoted Egyptian scholar Abdul Wahab al-Mesiri: “The more brutal the colonizer becomes, the nearer his end is.”

Fatafta’s arrest came amid Israel’s US-backed assault on and the West Bank, which has provoked outcry by international human rights groups, including in Israel and the United States.

The US was not named as a country of concern in the index, but PEN America pointed to “recent developments in the United States”, with the Trump administration revoking visas of foreign students who have protested the government’s support for Israel and detaining several student organisers, as evidence of “the precarious nature of freedom of expression”.

“The suppression of free expression has taken on an especially troubling dimension on college campuses where Palestinian and pro-Palestinian voices are being silenced, including via attempts to deport student activists, limiting discourse on issues of the war in Gaza and human rights,” said the report.

PEN America noted that Columbia student organisers and and Tufts student were apparently detained “purely on the grounds of speech protected by the US Constitution”, with Ozturk targeted specifically because she co-authored an opinion piece for a student newspaper.

Their detention, said the group, “not only undermines academic freedom but also stifles the critical exchange of ideas”.

“As geopolitics continue to shift and authoritarian tendencies spread to countries that were once considered safely anchored in openness,” said PEN America, “we are seeing that free expression, and therefore writers, are increasingly in the crosshairs of repression in a much wider range of countries”.

Karlekar said that writers like those who have been detained in the last year “represent a threat to disinformation and encourage people to think critically about what is going on around them”.

“War, conflict, and attacks against the free exchange of information and ideas go hand in hand with lies and propaganda,” said Karlekar. “With the index, we want to alert the world to the jailing and mistreatment of these 375 writers. Each and every one of them should be released, and we insist that the world’s jailers of writers end this repression and abuse.”

[Abridged from .]