Democratic Party (DP) candidate Lee Jae-myung defeated his main rival, Kim Moon-soo of the ruling conservative right-wing People Power Party (PPP), in South Korea鈥檚 June 3 presidential vote.
Lee鈥檚 victory marks the official end of the political crisis that erupted with former PPP president Yoon Suk Yeol鈥檚 failed . Pro-coup forces have finally lost power and the liberals are back in government as a result of the anti-coup .
The DP, however, failed to win its expected absolute majority of votes or defeat 鈥淣ew Right鈥 candidate Kim by more than 10%. Kim performed better than polls predicted, with the PPP reaping considerable support despite the damage suffered from Yoon鈥檚 coup attempt.
The result leaves the new president and his government in a troublesome position. As this was a snap election, Lee was immediately sworn in on June 4 and will have to work with Yoon鈥檚 ministers, at least until a new cabinet is named.
Despite mobilising troops, trying to occupy the National Assembly and seeking to arrest key political leaders, Yoon鈥檚 self-coup failed within hours, after parliamentarians voted to annul his martial law decree.
They did so as people mobilised all over the country, forcing soldiers involved in the plot back into their barracks.
Parliament then voted on December 4 to, who was subsequently 聽on January 15 on charges of leading a rebellion against the constitution.
In response, reactionary forces fought back, led by Christian fundamentalists and extreme-right groups with the backing of the crisis-stricken PPP. This caused a delay in the Constitutional Court鈥檚 ruling on impeachment, and Yoon鈥檚 release from prison on March 8.
Elated by these wins, extreme-right forces stepped up their aggressive and violent anti-impeachment offensive, as the situation turned more tense and uncertain.
But on March 4, the Constitutional Court ultimately voted to ratify Yoon鈥檚 impeachment, triggering a presidential election.
Anti-coup v pro-coup election
The PPP was divided throughout the coup fiasco, with the pro-impeachment Han Dong-hoon leadership being overthrown by a pro-Yoon extremist faction.
Under the control of the pro-Yoon faction, the PPP increasingly drifted towards forming a de facto alliance with the extra-parliamentary extreme right, characterised by anti-communist, pro-US and Christian fundamentalist views.
Seen by many as the most viable candidate to defeat the PPP, Lee easily won the DP鈥檚 preselection race with 89.77% of votes.
In contrast, the PPP鈥檚 preselection campaign was marked by dirty infighting between little-known politicians with few chances of defeating the DP.
Kim鈥檚 preselection was largely a reflection of the PPP鈥檚 abrupt turn to the extreme right.
Kim was a former student leader who was also deeply involved in the trade union movement in the 1970s and 鈥80s. With the failure of the left-wing Popular Party (PP), which he helped establish in the early 鈥90s, he began shifting right and joined the conservatives.
After serving three terms as a local MP (1996鈥2006) and twice as governor of Gyeonggi Province (2006鈥14), Kim continued shifting in a conservative direction to become a leader of the New Right.
Yoon appointed Kim as Minister of Employment and Labor, the former labour leader transforming into the country鈥檚 most anti-labour minister. During the anti-impeachment campaign, Kim consistently sided with Yoon.
Though Kim won the primaries, he was not the candidate preferred by PPP leaders, who believed Kim had little chance. They instead backed Prime Minister Han Duck-soo, who served as acting president after Yoon鈥檚 impeachment.
Han claimed he had opposed Yoon鈥檚 coup, but covertly defended Yoon during the impeachment trial and maintained Yoon鈥檚 ultra-conservative regime while briefly in power.
Despite the uneven electoral playing field and various technical irregularities, PPP members opted for Kim over Han.
Lee Joon-seok, a young conservative expelled from the PPP, also ran as a maverick candidate for the New Reform Party.
On the progressive side, Justice Party figurehead and veteran labour leader Kwon Young-gook stood for the Democratic Labor Party coalition, which also included the Green Party and the Labor Party.
In the end, the four-way contest pitting three anti-coup parties against the only pro-coup party turned into a two-horse race, especially as the extreme right鈥檚 persistent protests and violent actions consolidated the now ultra-conservative PPP鈥檚 traditional support base.
This was not enough, however, to save the PPP. Lee Jae-myung won 17.3 million votes (49.42%) to Kim鈥檚 14.4 million votes (41.15%).
However, the vote was disappointing for Lee Jae-myung and the DP, who wanted an overwhelming victory.
On the other hand, Kim鈥檚 support was much higher than expected, given his approval rate was below 10% earlier this year.
Though Kim lost, his trajectory from outsider to ruling party candidate is alarming in many ways.
Paradoxically, his relatively strong showing has exposed the PPP鈥檚 vulnerabilities and the difficulties it faces in carrying out the reforms needed to survive as a viable ruling conservative party.
Positioning himself as an alternative candidate of reformed conservatism against the hopeless ultra-conservatism of the PPP, Lee Joon-seok won about 2.9 million votes (8.34%).
He gained support from many young men due to his strong anti-feminist views and sexist remarks during the campaign, which appealed to some but limited his support among other sectors.
As the only progressive candidate, Kwon won 344,150 votes, falling short of the 1% target (0.98%) and well below that obtained by previous progressive candidates in the past two decades.
The left
Labour and social movements played a key role in the struggle against Yoon鈥檚 self-coup and for his impeachment.
However, in the context of a snap election, their role was severely limited, as the major institutional players quickly came to dominate the political scene, leaving little room for progressive politics.
Radicalised young women, who played a very prominent role in the candlelight revolution 鈥 also known as the glow stick revolution due to young people swapping candles for glow sticks normally seen at K-Pop concerts 鈥 were largely marginalised in the campaign.
The largest political current on the left, the PP, opted to join the liberal bourgeois coalition backing Lee Jae-myung.
The Justice Party, in crisis ever since defeat in last year鈥檚 general election reduced it to an extra-parliamentary party, reluctantly participated in a broad progressive preselection process, in which Kwon defeated former Korean Confederation of Trade Unions (KCTU) president Han Sang-gyun.
Despite various difficulties, Kwon worked hard to raise progressive and labour issues. However, his campaign and result were not enough to help the Justice Party overcome its multiple crises.
KCTU鈥檚 fiasco
The most bitter pill for progressive politics was the KCTU鈥檚 decision to not support any progressive candidate.
While the DP鈥檚 long history of anti-labour policies made it hard for the KCTU to openly support Lee Jae-myung, leaders remained divided.
KCTU president Yang Kyung-soo, from the pro-PP faction, was unable to impose support for the DP on KCTU-affiliated unions and members.
Many KCTU leaders from other factions criticised Yang鈥檚 indecision, urging him to support Kwon. Yang refused and ensured the KCTU鈥檚 National Executive Committee did not take a position.
The country鈥檚 two biggest industrial unions 鈥 the Korean Metal Workers鈥 Union and the Korean Public Service and Transport Workers鈥 Union 鈥 did support Kwon and protested the KCTU鈥檚 indecision.
But several other industrial and individual unions backed Lee Jae-myung and the DP.
Fight the right, deepen democracy
Popular mobilisation enabled the DP to defend South Korea鈥檚 democracy against Yoon鈥檚 self-coup. However, in the process up until Yoon鈥檚 eventual dismissal, it was challenged by extreme-right forces.
Clearly, the foundations of the democracy South Koreans have struggled for over so many years still need to be consolidated.
Labour and social movements have been key agents in this process of social and political democratisation. However, three decades of neoliberal counteroffensive has left democracy weakened, with hard-won rights constantly under attack from conservative governments.
The capacity of the Lee Jae-myung government to bring about democratic reform is yet to be seen. But considering the record of DP governments, not much can be expected.
Though Lee Jae-myung is considered a progressive reformist, he will have to confront enormous challenges, as well as overwhelming internal and external pressures.
People鈥檚 power, together with labour and social movements, will have to pressure the DP government to implement its promised grand reform project for South Korean society.
At the same time, there is no doubt that extreme-right forces will push their reactionary agenda.
As with elsewhere in the world, the struggle against this fascist and extreme right-wing offensive has to be tied to the fight to deepen democracy, in the process paving the way to build alternatives beyond capitalism.
[Abridged from . Youngsu Won is the director of Pnyx 鈥 Korean Institute for Marxist Studies and will speak at Ecosocialism 2025, September 5鈥7, Naarm/Melbourne. For more information, visit .